Theoretical and Natural Science
- The Open Access Proceedings Series for Conferences
Theoretical and Natural Science
Vol. 10, 17 November 2023
Open
Access | Article
The essential sun: Its past, present, and future
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The sun provides warmth and light essential to human life, making it important to investigate its formation, current state, and future evolution. This article includes information on the formation of the sun and an overview of its current state. The sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago from a giant nebula in one of the spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy, after which the solar system formed from. As for its structure, the sun consists of six layers: core, radiative zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. The sun is a main sequence star and is situated at a considerable distance from the earth. This distance is calculated using the parallax method, which involves measuring the parallax angle and applying trigonometry. Another approach to determine the distance is by utilizing Kepler's Third Law. The sun continually undergoes fusion in its core due to specific conditions that allow for fusion reactions to occur, including extremely high temperatures, high density, and a suitable containment vessel. In the future, the sun will evolve into a red giant star before ultimately becoming a white dwarf star. Eventually, the earth will be engulfed by the sun as the sun evolves.
Keywords
Sun, Solar System, Formation, Current State, Evolution
References
1. Cameron, A. G. W. (1962). The formation of the sun and planets. Icarus, 1(1-6), 13-69.
2. Alfvén, H. (1982). The origin of the solar system. In Evolution in the Universe (p. 31).
3. Sackmann, I., Boothroyd, A. I., & Kraemer, K. E. (1993). Our sun. III. Present and future. Astrophysical Journal v. 418, p. 457, 418, 457.
4. Sakurambo, bigrocksolid. (2007) High School Earth Science/The sun. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/The_Sun. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution ShareAlike
5. Walraven, R. (1978). Calculating the position of the sun. Solar energy, 20(5), 393-397.
6. Arenou, F., & Luri, X. (1998). Distances and absolute magnitudes from trigonometric parallaxes. arXiv preprint astro-ph/9812094.
7. Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Sandin, T. R., & Ford, A. L. (1996). University physics (Vol. 9). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
8. Tan, A., & Chameides, W. L. (1981). Kepler’s third law. American Journal of Physics, 49(7), 691-692.
9. Benn, M., & George, G. (2015). Edexcel A Level Physics Student Book 1. Hachette UK.
10. Akrill, T., & George, G. (2015). Edexcel A Level Physics Student Book 2. Hodder Education.
11. Fiorentini, G., Ricci, B., & Villante, F. L. (2004). Nuclear fusion in the sun. Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement, 154, 309-316.
12. Wong, L. T., & Chow, W. K. (2001). Solar radiation model. Applied energy, 69(3), 191-224.
13. Wellons, M. (2007). The Stefan-Boltzmann Law. Physics Department, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, 25.
14. Biermann, M. L., Katz, D. M., Aho, R., Diaz‐Barriga, J., & Petron, J. (2002). Wien’s law and the temperature of the sun. The Physics Teacher, 40(7), 398-400.
15. NASA. (2017) The Solar Spectrum. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/390/the-solar-spectrum/ N.A.Sharp, NOAO/NSO/Kitt Peak FTS/AURA/NSF
16. Schröder, K. P., & Connon Smith, R. (2008). Distant future of the sun and earth revisited. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 386(1), 155-163.
17. European Southern Observatory. (2007) Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram. https://www.eso.org/ public/images/eso0728c/ ESO/José Francisco (josefrancisco.org)
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open Access Instruction).
- Volume Title
- Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Mathematical Physics and Computational Simulation
- ISBN (Print)
- 978-1-83558-131-5
- ISBN (Online)
- 978-1-83558-132-2
- Published Date
- 17 November 2023
- Series
- Theoretical and Natural Science
- ISSN (Print)
- 2753-8818
- ISSN (Online)
- 2753-8826
- DOI
- 10.54254/2753-8818/10/20230313
- Copyright
- 17 November 2023
- Open Access
- This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited