Theoretical and Natural Science
- The Open Access Proceedings Series for Conferences
Vol. 11, 17 November 2023
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Galaxies as the most important structures in the universe and Galaxy formation is a sequential redistribution process.The basic picture of galaxy formation was first proposed by White and Rees.The physical processes involved in galaxy formation are very numerous and complex. We know very little about most of these processes. Therefore, we can only describe them with a few empirical formulas. In this article the popular simulation techniques for galaxy formation are discussed in detail, based on the most recently observed cosmic star formation history. This study will focus mostly on the goals of galaxy development by describing the processes of star formation, gas dispersion, dark matter, and galaxy correlation. In this paper, we do not study the formation process of a specific galaxy, but focus on the formation process of a large sample of galaxies in the framework of the whole cosmology We are also concerned not with the specific properties of a particular galaxy, but with the statistical properties of the whole sample of galaxies.Therefore the paper will next explore hydrodynamic techniques such as N-body simulation, other modified f (R) gravity models, smoothed-particle hydrodynamic simulation, and semi-analytic models to mimic the process of galaxy formation. This article finishes with a summary of galaxy formation.
Galaxy Formation, Galaxy Evolution, Cosmology.
1. Thorsten Naab, Jeremiah P. Ostriker. “Theoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation.”, ARXIV, 3–4 (2016)
2. Rachel S. Somerville. “Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework.”, 8 December 2014. Accessed 27 July 2022. ARXIV, 3–6 (2014)
3. Richard B. Larson. “Models for the Formation of Disc Galaxies.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 176(1), 31–52 (1976)
4. John H., Stephen R., “The Complexity of N-body Simulation,” Automata, Languages and Programming. 162–176 (1993)
5. Neal Katz, David H. Weinberg, Lars Hernquist, “Cosmological Simulations with TreeSPH,” ARXIV, 3-5 (1995)
6. Houjun Mo, Frank van den Bosch, Simon White, “Galaxy Formation And Evolution,” Cambridge, ISBN-13 978-0-511-72962-1, 8-9 (2010)
7. Houjun Mo, Frank van den Bosch, Simon White, “Galaxy Formation And Evolution,” Cambridge, ISBN-13 978-0-511-72962-1, 544, 9 (2010)
8. Salpeter, Edwin E, “The Luminosity Function and Stellar Evolution.,” Astrophysical Journal, 121, 161 (1955)
9. Trimble Virginia, “EXISTENCE AND NATURE OF DARK MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE,” ANNUAL REVIEW OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 25, 425 (1987)
10. Vera Rubin, “Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions,” Astrophysical Journal, 159, 379 (1970)
11. Albert Bosma, “THE DISTRIBUTION AND KINEMATICS OF NEUTRAL HYDROGEN IN SPIRAL GALAXIES OF VARIOUS MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES,” PhD Thesis, chapter3 (1978)
12. Anderson, Paul R.; Brill, Dieter R., “Gravitational geons revisited,” physical Review D, 56, 4824-4833 (1997)
13. Hubble Edwin, “No. 324. Extra-galactic nebulae.,” Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory / Carnegie Institution of Washington, 324, 1-49 (1926)
14. C. M. Baugh, S. Cole and C. S. Frenk, “Evolution of the Hubble sequence in hierarchical models for galaxy formation,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 283, 1361-1378 (1996)
15. Hernquist L. Ap. J. 86, 389–400 (1993)
16. Trenti Michele, Hut Piet, “N-body simulations (gravitational),” Scholarpedia, 3, 3930 (2008)
17. Fabio Fontanot, Ewald Puchwein, Volker Springel, Davide Bianchi, “Semi-analytic galaxy formation in f(R)-gravity cosmologies,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 436, 2672–2679 (2013)
18. Cedric Lacey, Shanu Cole, “Merger rates in hierarchical models of galaxy formation – II. Comparison with N-body simulations,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 271, 676-692 (1994)
19. Monaghan J. J., “Smoothed particle hydrodynamics,” In: Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics, 30, 543-574 (1992)
20. Daniel Price, “Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Magnetohydrodynamics,” ARXIV, (2010)
21. D. Tweed, J. Devriendt, J. Blaizot, S. Colombi and A. Slyz, “Building merger trees from cosmological N-body simulations,” A&A, 506, 647–660 (2009)
22. Binney J. Ap. J. 21, :483–491 (1977)
23. Schechter, P. "An analytic expression for the luminosity function for galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 203, 297–306 (1976)
24. C. M. Baugh, A. J. Benson, S. Cole, C. S. Frenk, C. G. Lacey, “Ab initio galaxy formation,” arXiv:astro-ph/9907056, 1-6 (1999)
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open Access Instruction).