Theoretical and Natural Science
- The Open Access Proceedings Series for Conferences
Vol. 8, 13 November 2023
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder related to repetitive behaviors and intrusive thoughts. Individuals with OCD experience conscious, self-imposed compulsions and counter-compulsions, which result in high levels of anxiety and difficulties in social interactions. OCD is a common mental disorder with onset often in adolescence. Gender differences in OCD exist, with males reporting earlier symptom onset, and females experiencing symptoms during adolescence, pregnancy, or postpartum, particularly related to contamination and/or aggressive obsessions. Neurobiological factors play a role in OCD etiology. Genetic studies show hereditary tendencies, with gender differences observed. Brain structure research identifies differences between male and female patients. Dopamine and plasma norepinephrine are implicated in OCD pathogenesis. Understanding gender differences is crucial for OCD diagnosis and treatment. Further research is needed to validate and explain these differences in order to inform advancements in OCD treatment approaches. This paper summarizes and discusses the relationship between OCD and gender, focusing on epidemiological characteristics, symptoms, and physiological basis of OCD, emphasizing gender differences. Future research directions in the field of OCD are presented.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Gender Differences, Compulsive Behavior, Obsessive-Compulsive Circuitry
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: Author; 2013.
2. Yueqin Huang, Y. U. Wang, Hong Wang, Zhaorui Liu, Xin Yu, Jie Yan, Yaqin Yu, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological study. The Lancet Psychiatry 6, no. 3 (2019): 211-224.
3. Jabeen S., Kausar R. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Frequency and Gender Estimates. Pak J Med Sci. 2020 Jul-Aug;36(5):1048-1052. doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.5.1870. PMID: 32704287; PMCID: PMC7372663.
4. Leckman, James F., Dorothy E. Grice, James Boardman, et al. Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 7 (1997): 911-917.
5. Pauls, D. L., Alsobrook, J. P., II, Goodman, W., Rasmussen, S., & Leckman, J. F. (1995). A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 76–84. 10.1176/ajp.152.1.76.
6. Liangjun Lin, Weidi Wang, Pei Wang, Guan-ning Lin, Zhen Wang. (2023). Research progress in epigenetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder. JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCIENCE, Vol.41, No.2, Feb. 2021 .
7. Mathes, Brittany M; Morabito, Danielle M, Schmidt, Norman B. Epidemiological and Clinical Gender Differences in OCD.Current Psychiatry Reports (2019) 21: 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1015-2.
8. Demathis M. A., DO ROSARIOM C, DINIZ J. B., et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder:Influence of age at onseton comorbidity patterns[J].European Psychiatry, 2008, 23(3):187-194.
9. Kenyon, Katherine M., and Warren O. Eaton. Age at child obsessive-compulsive disorder onset and its relation to gender, symptom severity, and family functioning. Archives of Scientific Psychology 3, no. 1 (2015): 150.
10. Labad, Javier, Jose Manuel Menchon, et al. Gender differences in obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions. Depression and anxiety 25, no. 10 (2008): 832-838.
11. Chen Zhang, Qihui Guo, Fan Qing. (2023). Research progress on the morphological characteristics of the brain in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Research progress on the morphological characteristics of the brain in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, p480-486.
12. Graybiel, Ann M., and Scott L. Raucht. Toward a Neurobiology Review of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. In Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette's Syndrome, pp. 119-123. Routledge, 2022.
13. Zhang, Haisan, Bi Wang, et al. Altered functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry 10 (2019): 522.
14. Mahjani B, Bey K, Boberg J, Burton C (2021). Genetics of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine 51, 2247–2259. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0033291721001744.
15. den Braber, A., de Geus, E. J. C., Boomsma, D. I., & van’t Ent, D. (2013). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and related sex differences in brain structure: An MRI study in Dutch twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16(2), 516-524.
16. Khramtsova EA, Heldman R, Derks EM, Yu D; Tourette Syndrome/Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium; Davis LK, Stranger BE. Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2019 Sep;180(6):351-364.
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open Access Instruction).