Theoretical and Natural Science
- The Open Access Proceedings Series for Conferences
Vol. 28, 26 December 2023
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nuclear fusion, a process that has the potential to revolutionize the world's energy landscape, is the subject of extensive research due to its promise of providing a clean and safe energy source. The article outlines the essential principles of nuclear fusion and the chronology of its discovery, from early predictions to its initial realization in the first half of the 20th century. It also highlights the extreme requirements and challenges associated with fusion. Furthermore, the article introduces two natural nuclear fusion reactions: thermonuclear fusion and pycnonuclear fusion. In the final section, the focus shifts to artificial nuclear fusion, discussing the progression from the uncontrollable hydrogen bomb to efforts toward controlled atomic fusion since the mid-20th century. The article emphasizes various nuclear fusion configurations (Tokamak, Stellarator, ICF, Magnetic mirrors, and z-pinch) that have been proposed globally, detailing their features, strengths, and weaknesses.
Nuclear Fusion, History Of Fusion, Tokamak, Stellarator, ICF, Magnetic Mirrors, Z-Pinch, Pycnonuclear Fusion
1. Eddington, A, S (1920) The internal constitution of the stars.
2. Davis Jr, R., & Harmer, D. S. (1956). Nuclear explosions in the sun. Nature, 178(4527), 649-650
3. Stanford Solar Centre (2008)The Sun's Vital Statistics. http://solar-center.stanford.edu/ vitalstats.html
4. Afanasjev, A.V.; Gasques, L.R.; Frauendorf, S.; Wiescher, M (2022) Pycnonuclear Reaction. 1.
5. Son. S., Fisch N.J. (2005) Pycnonuclear reaction and possible chain reactions in an ultra-dense DT plasma.
6. Mark Oliphant (1934) Transmutation Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen
7. E. Teller, The Super Bomb (1951) Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 296-299,
8. J.D. Lawson, (1955) Some criteria for a power producing thermonuclear reactor, Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B, Volume 70, Number 1
9. Kirk (2015) Nuclear fusion: bringing a star down to Earth
10. E.J. Doyle1, W.A. Houlberg2, Y. Kamada3, V. Mukhovatov4, T.H. Osborne5, A. Polevoi4, G. Bateman6, J.W. Connor7, J.G. Cordey7, T. Fujita3 (2007) Plasma confinement and transport, Nuclear Fusion, Volume 47, Number 6
11. Clery. D. (2015). The bizarre reactor that might save nuclear fusion. https://www.science. org/content/article/bizarre-reactor-might-save-nuclear-fusion izarre reactor that might save nuclear fusion | Science | AAAS
12. Atzeni, S., Meyer-ter-Vehn, J. (2004). The physics of inertial fusion: beam plasma interaction, hydrodynamics, hot dense matter. Oxford University Press.
13. Matteo Barbarino, (2020), a brief history of nuclear fusion, Nature Physics 16, 890-893(2020)
14. U. Shumlak,(2020) Z-pinch fusion, Journal of Applied Physics 127, 200901(2020) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0004228
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open Access Instruction).