Theoretical and Natural Science
- The Open Access Proceedings Series for Conferences
Theoretical and Natural Science
Vol. 22, 20 December 2023
Open
Access | Article
Application of immune checkpoint inhibitor in melanoma treatment
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Since ipilimumab was approved by FDA in 2011 as the first immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) to treat melanoma, the development of immunotherapy had a huge break through. These inhibitors can block the checkpoint proteins, which include CTLA-4 and PD-1, and resulting in the reactivation of T cells. Their promising effect on suppressing cancer growth is proved once they were used in cancer treatments. One of the greatest contributions of the ICIs is the improvement of melanoma treatment. Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer since its death rate is the highest among all the skin cancer. Their application on melanoma patients is shown to improve patients’ overall survival and response rate with durable responses. Furthermore, they can treat metastatic melanoma which former therapies were struggling with. Although they still faced the problem of severe side-effects that damage patients’ lives, many new combinations of therapies had been invented to overcome these drawbacks. The results of using combined therapies are anticipated in further clinical trials.
Keywords
Immune checkpoint inhibitor, melanoma, application, adverse events
References
1. Luke JJ, Flaherty KT, Ribas A, Long GV. Targeted agents and immunotherapies: optimizing outcomes in melanoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017 Aug;14(8):463-482.
2. Davis LE, Shalin SC, Tackett AJ. Current state of melanoma diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Biol Ther. 2019;20(11):1366-1379.
3. Jin H, Qin S, He J, Xiao J, Li Q, Mao Y, Zhao L. New insights into checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy and its combined therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma: from mechanisms to clinical trials. Int J Biol Sci. 2022 Mar 28;18(7):2775-2794.
4. Akinleye A, Rasool Z. Immune checkpoint inhibitors of PD-L1 as cancer therapeutics. J Hematol Oncol. 2019 Sep 5;12(1):92.
5. Buchbinder EI, Desai A. CTLA-4 and PD-1 Pathways: Similarities, Differences, and Implications of Their Inhibition. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016 Feb;39(1):98-106.
6. Huang AC, Zappasodi R. A decade of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in melanoma: understanding the molecular basis for immune sensitivity and resistance. Nat Immunol. 2022 May;23(5):660-670.
7. Rausch MP, Hastings KT. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Melanoma: From Basic Science to Clinical Application. In: Ward WH, Farma JM, editors. Cutaneous Melanoma: Etiology and Therapy [Internet]. Brisbane (AU): Codon Publications; 2017 Dec 21. Chapter 9.
8. Kvistborg P, Philips D, Kelderman S, Hageman L, Ottensmeier C, Joseph-Pietras D, Welters MJ, van der Burg S, Kapiteijn E, Michielin O, Romano E, Linnemann C, Speiser D, Blank C, Haanen JB, Schumacher TN. Anti-CTLA-4 therapy broadens the melanoma-reactive CD8+ T cell response. Sci Transl Med. 2014 Sep 17;6(254):254ra128.
9. Bagchi S, Yuan R, Engleman EG. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer: Clinical Impact and Mechanisms of Response and Resistance. Annu Rev Pathol. 2021 Jan 24;16:223-249.
10. Rubatto M, Sciamarrelli N, Borriello S, Pala V, Mastorino L, Tonella L, Ribero S, Quaglino P. Classic and new strategies for the treatment of advanced melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Feb 9;9:959289.
11. Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C, Weber JS, Margolin K, Hamid O, Patt D, Chen TT, Berman DM, Wolchok JD. Pooled Analysis of Long-Term Survival Data From Phase II and Phase III Trials of Ipilimumab in Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jun 10;33(17):1889-94.
12. Jenkins RW, Fisher DE. Treatment of Advanced Melanoma in 2020 and Beyond. J Invest Dermatol. 2021 Jan;141(1):23-31.
13. Wolchok JD, Neyns B, Linette G, Negrier S, Lutzky J, Thomas L, Waterfield W, Schadendorf D, Smylie M, Guthrie T Jr, Grob JJ, Chesney J, Chin K, Chen K, Hoos A, O'Day SJ, Lebbé C. Ipilimumab monotherapy in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2, dose-ranging study. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Feb;11(2):155-64.
14. ellner C. Ipilimumab (yervoy) prolongs survival in advanced melanoma: serious side effects and a hefty price tag may limit its use. P T. 2012 Sep;37(9):503-30.
15. Boutros C, Belkadi-Sadou D, Marchand A, Roy S, Routier E, Robert C. Cured or Not? Long-term Outcomes of Immunotherapy Responders. Focus on Melanoma. Curr Oncol Rep. 2023 Jun 2.
16. Sharma P, Hu-Lieskovan S, Wargo JA, Ribas A. Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell. 2017 Feb 9;168(4):707-723.
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open Access Instruction).
- Volume Title
- Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science
- ISBN (Print)
- 978-1-83558-217-6
- ISBN (Online)
- 978-1-83558-218-3
- Published Date
- 20 December 2023
- Series
- Theoretical and Natural Science
- ISSN (Print)
- 2753-8818
- ISSN (Online)
- 2753-8826
- DOI
- 10.54254/2753-8818/22/20230953
- Copyright
- 20 December 2023
- Open Access
- This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited