Theoretical and Natural Science
- The Open Access Proceedings Series for Conferences
Theoretical and Natural Science
Vol. 33, 08 March 2024
Open
Access | Article
Review of the theoretical basis of the heart-brain correlation
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Despite rapid advancements in modern medicine, the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases have achieved significant progress. However, issues such as high incidence, recurrence rates, and poor prognosis still profoundly threaten human life and quality of living. The correlation between the heart and brain in anatomy and function, supported by neurological regulation and pathological foundations, validates the association between them. Traditional medicine, characterized by holistic concepts and differential treatment, presents the therapeutic principle of treating different diseases similarly, offering new insights into the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This paper aims to summarize the theoretical basis of the heart-brain correlation from functional, material, neurologic, and pathological perspectives, aiming to provide more evidence for the theory of “treating the brain and heart simultaneously.”
Keywords
Heart-brain correlation, Dominance of the spirit, Meridians, Autonomic nervous system, Atherosclerosis
References
1. Zhang D, Zeng F, Yang J, et al. Ancient understanding of the theory of heart-brain correlation. Shi Zhen Guo Yi Guo Yao. 2014;25(09):2199-2201.
2. Zhang X, Yuan D, Zeng C, et al. Hypothesis of the maternal-filial relationship between Traditional Chinese Medicine’s Original Spirit and Consciousness Spirit. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2022;37(3):461-465.
3. Xu M, Chang J. On the guiding role of the “brain-heart simultaneous treatment” theory in stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2022;45(10):1066-1070.
4. Pu S. The Body as Heart, the Brain as Use. Chinese Journal of Medicine. 2022(07):395-398+447.
5. Gu J, Yu H, Li W, et al. Discussing the theory of heart-brain simultaneous treatment based on the pathogenesis of “deficiency and stagnation of Qi.” Global Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2022;15(05):792-796.
6. Liu T, Lv W, Wang M, et al. Research progress on cognitive impairment in elderly patients with heart failure. Chinese Journal of Geriatrics. 2021;40(10):1332-1336.
7. Xia C. Discussion on the Mechanism of Acupuncture at the Neiguan Point to Improve Myocardial Ischemia in Rats by Regulating the Medulla Oblongata NO/NOS System and Related Neurotransmitters. [D]. Fudan University. 2009.
8. Kuang L, Li H, Wei J, et al. Clinical experience of Guo Zhihua in treating dizziness based on the theory of “brain-heart correlation.” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2022;34(01):57-60.
9. Lu C. A brief analysis of the core of the brain as the path of meridian circulation. Jiangsu Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2014;06:10-11.
10. Huang Y, Sun J, Hua R, et al. Research progress on the brain regulatory mechanisms and clinical practice of the cerebral regulation theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine. World Science and Technology-Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2018;20(06):869-874.
11. Li Z, Zeng F, Lan L, et al. Exploring the central mechanism of acupuncture treatment for angina from the perspective of brain-heart correlation using brain functional imaging technology. Acupuncture Research. 2014;39(04):337-340.
12. Dai Q. The effect of coronary artery lesion and coronary artery intervention on heart rate variability. [D]. Hebei Medical University. 2017.
13. Liu Z, Jiang H, Xia H. Research progress on the interaction between the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and the cardiovascular system. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Cardiovascular Medicine. 2021;13(11):1401-1403.
14. Feng Y, Xiao H, Zhang Y. Research progress on the regulation of heart inflammation by the autonomic nervous system. Acta Physiologica Sinica. 2019;71(02):225-234.
15. Zhao P, Ma J, Zhang X, et al. Cardiac nerve distribution and receptor distribution. Journal of Medical Research. 2007;36(3):19-21.
16. Wang Y, Yu Z, Xu B. Research progress on the autonomic nervous mechanism of acupuncture in regulating heart function. Acupuncture Research. 2014;39(01):83-86.
17. Xin J. The role and mechanism of α_1-AR in heart inflammation caused by acute sympathetic stress. [D]. Shihezi University. 2019.
18. Long M, Bao H. Myocardial damage induced by norepinephrine and its pathogenesis. Medical Review. 1995(04):145-147.
19. Man J, Wang Y. Research progress on oxidative stress and nicotinic receptor antagonists. Chinese Medicine Guide. 2016;13(10):35-38.
20. Liu Y, Wang S, Wang C, et al. Upregulation of M3 muscarinic receptor inhibits cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin Ⅱ. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2013;11(40):973-981.
21. Liu Y, Sun L, Pan Z, et al. Overexpression of M3 muscarinic receptor is a novel strategy for preventing sudden cardiac death in transgenic mice. Molecular Medicine. 2011;17(11-12):1179-1187.
22. Wang Y, Zhang F, Jin S, et al. The autonomic nervous system and regulation of heart function. Life Chemistry. 2009;29(01):64-67.
23. Zhong T. Influence of autonomic nervous system dysfunction on electrocardiogram. Chinese Journal of Misdiagnostics. 2008(10):2366-2367.
24. Lleiger RE, Stein PK, Biggeryr JR. Heart rate variability: measurement and clinical utility. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2005;10(1):88-101.
25. Liu CZ, Wang J, Zhou LP, et al. Research progress on the autonomic nervous system of the heart and the physiological function of coronary arteries. Medical Review. 2022;28(03):510-516.
26. George RM, Maldonado-Velez G, Firulli AB. The heart of the neural crest: cardiac neural crest cells in development and regeneration. Development. 2020 Oct 15;147(20):dev188706.
27. Liu C, Jiang H, Yu L, et al. Vagal Stimulation and Arrhythmias. J Atr Fibrillation. 2020;13(1):2398.
28. SHICHIRI M, ISHIMARU S, OTA T, et al. Salusins: Newly identified bioactive peptides with hemodynamic and mitogenic activities. Nat Med. 2003;9(9):1166-1172.
29. LU Y, WANG WJ, YUAN WJ. The novel member of cardiovascular active peptide: Salusins. Chin J Hypert. 2009;17(4):303-305.
30. Li HB, Guo YQ, Lu Y, et al. The cardiovascular effects of salusin α in the solitary tract nucleus may be mediated by inhibiting the activity of rostral ventrolateral medulla pre-sympathetic neurons. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin. 2011;27(12):1672-1677.
31. Li HX, Lu Y, Liu JJ, et al. Mechanism of cardiovascular effects of Salusin-α in the caudal ventrolateral medulla. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal. 2012;47(18):1473-1477.
32. IZUMIYAMA H, TANAKA H, EGI K, et al. Synthetic salusins as cardiac depressors in rats. Hypertension. 2005;45(3):419-425.
33. LI HL, WANG Q, WANG Q, et al. The pressor effect of the substantia nigra and the depressor effect of the arcuate nucleus and their functional connection. Acta Physiologica Sinica. 1988(01):28-35.
34. WANG JX, XU CH. Research progress on the central nervous system of cardiovascular activity. Journal of Qinghai Medical College. 1996(02):128-129.
35. XING MY. Regulatory Mechanism of miR-335 and miR-674-3p in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla on Stress-Induced Hypertension. [D]. Shanghai University. 2022.
36. KWON MS, SEO YJ, SHIM EJ, et al. The differential effects of emotional or physical stress on pain behaviors or on c-Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus or arcuate nucleus. Brain Res. 2008;1190:122-131.
37. ZHONG MK, DUAN YC, CHEN AD, et al. The paraventricular nucleus is involved in the central pathway of the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in rats. Exp Physiol. 2008;93(6):746-753.
38. LIANG YM, GUO GQ, SHEN WZ. The regulation of the paraventricular nucleus NOS/NO system on cardiovascular activity (review). Journal of Jinan University (Natural Science & Medicine Edition). 2001(04):69-72.
39. Zhang Q, Tan Y, Wen X, et al. Involvement of neuropeptide Y within the paraventricular nucleus in electroacupuncture inhibiting sympathetic activities in hypertensive rats. International Journal of Hypertension. 2022;2022:9990854.
40. Kang YM, Zhang AQ, Zhao XF, et al. Paraventricular nucleus corticotrophin-releasing hormone contributes to sympathoexcitation via interaction with neurotransmitters in heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol. 2011;106(3):473-483.
41. Li YF, Jackson KL, Stern JE, et al. Interaction between glutamate and GABA systems in the integration of sympathetic outflow by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;291(6):H2847-H2856.
42. WANG D. The role of norepinephrine in the regulation of the pressure-sensitive reflex in the paraventricular nucleus. [D]. Yanbian University. 2013.
43. Ma H, Cui Z, Guo X, et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor potentiates glutamatergic input and excitability of presympathetic neurons in the hypothalamus in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuropharmacology. 2023;230:109506.
44. Yang Liping, Wei Zhenyu, Yu Anqing, et al. Discussion on the Mechanism of Central Receptor in P-Material-Enhanced Cardiovascular Activity [J]. Journal of Zunyi Medical University, 1996 (Z1): 177-180.
45. KUBA K, SATO T, IMAI Y, et al. Apelin and Elabela/Toddler; double ligands for APJ/Apelin receptor in heart development, physiology, and pathology [J]. Peptides, 2019, 111: 62-70.
46. Xu Jirui. Study on COX-2 Expression in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus and Its Correlation with Myocardial Cell Apoptosis and Heart Failure [D]. Taishan Medical College, 2012.
47. Sun JS, Yang DJ, Kinyua AW, et al. Ventromedial hypothalamic primary cilia control energy and skeletal homeostasis [J]. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2021, 131(1): e138107.
48. Ball GG. Self-stimulation in the ventromedial hypothalamus [J]. Science, 1972, 178(4056): 72-3.
49. Suzuki Y, Shimizu H, Ishizuka N, et al. Vagal hyperactivity due to ventromedial hypothalamic lesions increases adiponectin production and release [J]. Diabetes, 2014, 63(5): 1637-48.
50. Wang Qing, Liu Yanfei, Xu Shihan, et al. Research on the Co-treatment of Heart and Brain and the Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: History, Current Situation, and Reflection [J]. Journal of Chinese Experimental Formulas, 2022, 28(21): 171-178.
51. Youzhi Z, Xiaoyan Y, Fang B, et al. TNF-α promotes early atherosclerosis by increasing transcytosis of LDL across endothelial cells: crosstalk between NF-κB and PPAR-γ [J]. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 2014, 72: 85-94.
52. Xie Hui, Wan Jiang, Liu Yingyuan, et al. Analysis of Carotid Artery Ultrasound Screening in High-Risk Stroke Population in Jilin Area and Its Clinical Significance [J]. Chinese Journal of Experimental and Diagnostic Pathology, 2020, 24(5): 812-814.
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open Access Instruction).
- Volume Title
- Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Modern Medicine and Global Health
- ISBN (Print)
- 978-1-83558-323-4
- ISBN (Online)
- 978-1-83558-324-1
- Published Date
- 08 March 2024
- Series
- Theoretical and Natural Science
- ISSN (Print)
- 2753-8818
- ISSN (Online)
- 2753-8826
- DOI
- 10.54254/2753-8818/33/20240843
- Copyright
- 08 March 2024
- Open Access
- This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited